Morze jest okrutnym środowiskiem, zwłaszcza jeśli jesteś jednym z gatunków wodorostów. Glony morskie stoją w obliczu wielu zagrożeń. Należą do nich: wypas zwierząt roślinożernych wodnych, rywalizacja o przestrzeń przez wiele organizmów, stres osmotyczny, wysoki poziom promieniowania UV oraz, w płytkich wodach, tlen. Muszą też bronić się przed hordami potencjalnych patogenów. Każda kropla wody morskiej zawiera średnio milion bakterii (1) – to znacznie więcej niż w pobliżu odpływów ścieków lub w miejscach, w których pływają ludzie. Każda kropla zawiera również co najmniej 10 milionów wirusów (2), ale są to głównie fagi, które atakują bakterie, a nie wodorosty lub rośliny pływające.

Całość tekstu w miesięczniku „Zdrowie bez Leków“, numer 11/listopad 2021 r. (53) strona 16-17

Przypisy:

1. Amsler CD. Algal Chemical Ecology. Volume 468 Springer; Berlin, Germany: 2008.
2. Parsons R, Breitbart M, Lomas M, Carlson CA. Ocean time-series reveals recurring seasonal patterns of virioplankton dynamics in the northwestern Sargasso Sea. ISME J 6, 273–284 (2012).
3. Blunt JW, Munro MHG, Copp BR, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2015;32:116–211.
4. Mayer A, Rodríguez AD, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Fusetani N. Marine pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine compounds with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Mar. Drugs. 2013;11:2510–2573.
5. Chojnacka K, Kim S-K. Marine Algae Extracts. Wiley-VCH; Weinheim, Germany: 2015. Introduction of Marine Algae Extracts; pp. 1–14.
6. Hughes CC, Fenical W. Antibacterials from the Sea. Chemistry. 2010;16:12512–12525.
7. Morán-Santibañez K, Cruz-Suárez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Robledo D, Freile-Pelegrín Y, Peña-Hernández MA, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Trejo-Avila LM. Synergistic Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Mexican Seaweeds against Measles Virus. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:8502123.
8. Kim S.K., Mendis E. Bioactive compounds from marine processing byproducts-a review. Food Res. Int. 2006;39:383–393.
9. Shannon E, Abu-Ghannam N. Antibacterial Derivatives of Marine Algae: An Overview of Pharmacological Mechanisms and Applications. Mar Drugs. 2016 Apr 22;14(4):81. Review
10. Simmons TL, Andrianasolo E, McPhail K, Flatt P, Gerwick WH. Marine natural products as anticancer drugs. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 Feb; 4(2):333-42. Review
11. Shibata T, Kawaguchi S, Hama Y, Inagaki M, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura T. Local and chemical distribution of phlorotannins in brown algae. J Appl Phycol. 2004; 16:291–6
12. Sugiura Y, Tanaka R, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Matsushita T. The anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins from Eisenia arborea on mouse ear edema by inflammatory inducers. J Funct Food 5(4), October 2013, 2019-2023
13. Phasanasoophon K, Kin SM. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Phlorotannin Trifuhalol A Using LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells Through NF-κB and MAPK Main Signaling Pathways. Nat Prod Comm 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19849798
14. Wang T, Jónsdóttir R, Liu H, Gu L, Kristinsson HG, Raghavan S, Olafsdóttir G. Antioxidant capacities of phlorotannins extracted from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus.J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Jun 13;60(23):5874-83.
15. Clayton PR, Ladi S. From alga to omega; have we reached peak (fish) oil? J R Soc Med. 2015 Sep;108(9):351-7.
16. Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega 3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD003177.
17. Patel S. Therapeutic importance of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds: updating the recent findings. 3 Biotech. 2012 Sep; 2(3): 171–185.
18. Fitton HJ, Stringer DS, Park AY, Karpiniec SN. Therapies from Fucoidan: New Developments. Mar Drugs. 2019 Oct 9;17(10):571.
19. Kwon PS, Oh H, Kwon SJ, Jin W, Zhang F, Fraser K, Hong JJ, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS. Sulfated polysaccharides effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Cell Discov. 2020 Jul 24;6:50.
20. Imbs TI, Zvyagintseva TN, Ermakova SP. . Is the transformation of fucoidans in human body possible? Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Jan 1;142:778-781.
21. van Weelden G, Bobiński M, Okła K, van Weelden WJ, Romano A, Pijnenborg JMA. Fucoidan Structure and Activity in Relation to Anti-Cancer Mechanisms. Mar Drugs. 2019 Jan 7; 17(1):32 Review
22. Sanjeewa KKA, Lee JS, Kim WS, Jeon YJ. The potential of brown-algae polysaccharides for the development of anticancer agents: An update on anticancer effects reported for fucoidan and laminaran. Carbohydr Polym. 2017 Dec 1; 177():451-459. Review
23. Huang TH, Chiu YH, Chan YL, et al. Prophylactic administration of fucoidan represses cancer metastasis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Lewis tumor-bearing mice. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(4):1882-1890
24. Atashrazm F, Lowenthal RM, Woods GM, Holloway AF, Dickinson JL. Fucoidan and cancer: a multifunctional molecule with anti-tumor potential. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(4):2327-46.
25. Mozzachiodi R, Scuri R, Roberto M, Brunelli M. Caulerpenyne, a toxin from the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia, depresses afterhyperpolarization in invertebrate neurons. Neuroscience. 2001;107(3):519-26.
26. Fletcher HR, Biller P, Ross AB, Adams JMM. The seasonal variation of fucoidan within three species of brown macroalgae. Algal Res.-Biomass Biofuels Bioprod. 2017;22:79–86.
27. Ale M.T., Meyer A.S. Fucoidans from brown seaweeds: An update on structures, extraction techniques and use of enzymes as tools for structural elucidation. RSC Adv. 2013;3:8131–8141.
28. Marais MF, Joseleau JP. A fucoidan fraction from Ascophyllum nodosum. Carbohydr Res. 2001 Nov 8; 336(2):155-9.
29. Ponce NM, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Flores ML, Stortz CA. Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydr Res. 2003 Jan 20; 338(2):153-65.
30. Sanjeewa KKA, Lee JS, Kim WS, Jeon YJ. The potential of brown-algae polysaccharides for the development of anticancer agents: An update on anticancer effects reported for fucoidan and laminaran. Review. Carbohydr Polym. 2017 Dec 1; 177():451-459.
31. Kim YI, Oh WS, Song PH, Yun S, Kwon YS, Lee YJ, Ku SK, Song CH, Oh TH. Anti-Photoaging Effects of Low Molecular-Weight Fucoidan on Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Mice. Mar Drugs. 2018 Aug 18; 16(8):286
32. Moussavou G, Kwak DH, Obiang-Obonou BW, Maranguy CA, Dinzouna-Boutamba SD, Lee DH, Pissibanganga OG, Ko K, Seo JI, Choo YK. Anticancer effects of different seaweeds on human colon and breast cancers. Mar Drugs. 2014 Sep 24;12(9):4898-911.
33. Cho ML, Lee BY, You SG. Relationship between oversulfation and conformation of low and high molecular weight fucoidans and evaluation of their in vitro anticancer activity. Molecules. 2010 Dec 30; 16(1):291-7.
34. Oka S, Okabe M, Tsubura S, Mikami M, Imai A. Properties of fucoidans beneficial to oral healthcare. Odontology. 2020 Jan; 108(1):34-42.
35. Jun JY, Jung MJ, Jeong IH, Yamazaki K, Kawai Y, Kim BM. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae against Dental Plaque Bacteria. Mar Drugs. 2018 Aug 27; 16(9):.
36. Zhang S, Zhang H, Jin Z, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhu L, Sun W, Yan B.J. Fucoidan inhibits tooth movement by promoting restorative macrophage polarization through the STAT3 pathway. Cell Physiol. 2020 Sep;235(9):5938-5950.
37. Charboneau AJ, Delaney JP, Beilman G. Fucoidans inhibit the formation of post-operative abdominal adhesions in a rat model. PLoS One. 2018 Nov 21;13(11):e0207797.
38. Zhao X, Guo F, Hu J, Zhang L, Xue C, Zhang Z, Li B. Antithrombotic activity of oral administered low molecular weight fucoidan from Laminaria Japonica. Thromb Res. 2016 Aug; 144():46-52.
39. Kim S-K, Wijesekara I. Anticoagulant effect of marine algae. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2011;64:235-44.
40. Irhimeh MR, Fitton JH, Lowenthal RM. Fucoidan ingestion increases the expression of CXCR4 on human CD34+ cells. Exp Hematol. 2007 Jun; 35(6):989-94.
41. Kim H, Ahn JH, Song M, Kim DW, Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim YM, Kim JD, Cho JH, Hwang IK, Yan BC, Won MH, Park JH. Pretreated fucoidan confers neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischemic injury in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 area via reducing of glial cell activation and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Jan; 109():1718-1727.
42. Alghazwi M, Smid S, Karpiniec S, Zhang W. Comparative study on neuroprotective activities of fucoidans from Fucus vesiculosus and Undaria pinnatifida. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Feb 1; 122():255-264.
43. Besednova NN, Somova LM, Guliaev SA, Zaporozhets TS. Neuroprotective effects of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweed. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2013;(5):52-9.
44. Xue M, Ji X, Liang H, Liu Y, Wang B, Sun L, Li W. The effect of fucoidan on intestinal flora and intestinal barrier function in rats with breast cancer. Food Funct. 2018 Feb 21; 9(2):1214-1223.
45. Cox AJ, Cripps AW, Taylor PA, Fitton JH, West NP. Fucoidan Supplementation Restores Fecal Lysozyme Concentrations in High-Performance Athletes: A Pilot Study. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18(8), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/md18080412 – 04 Aug 2020
46. Wang J, Geng L, Yue Y, Zhang Q.Use of fucoidan to treat renal diseases: A review of 15 years of clinic studies. Review. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2019; 163():95-111.
47. Tsubura S.S.A. Case report using 4% fucoidan cream for recurrent oral herpes labialis: Patient symptoms markedly improved in terms of time to healing and time to loss of discomfort. Dent. Open, J. 2017;4:19–23.
48. Hayashi K, Nakano T, Hashimoto M, Kanekiyo K, Hayashi T. Defensive effects of a fucoidan from brown alga Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 Jan;8(1):109-16.
49. Baba M, Snoeck R, Pauwels R, de Clercq E. Sulfated polysaccharides are potent and selective inhibitors of various enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Nov;32(11):1742-5.
50. Won-Sik H, Sheung-Jun O, Young-Mi K, Ye-Jin K, Min-Seon P, Koang-Chul W. Base Study Related with Development of Natural Bio-Adhesives Using Seaweeds. J Conservation Sci. (2018), 34(6), 595-604 [Article in Korean].
51. Fan Z-f, Wang J-h, Li Z-q, Yi C-h. Influence of sea water immersion on inflammation and healing of the wounds in scalded rats. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2006 Jun;22(3):215-7. [Article in Chinese]
52. Weiss S, Oldham G, Lin M, Foster T, Quinn JV. Water is a safe and effective alternative to sterile normal saline for wound irrigation prior to suturing: a prospective, double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2013 Jan 16;3(1):e001504.